At any point between those times, the pregnancy is considered cryptic. It may last for weeks at a time and suddenly go away for months before starting up again. You may feel confused, overwhelmed, trapped, angry, shocked, worried, as well as upset about being pregnant or missing out on the full pregnancy experience. S igns/Symptoms of Prodromal Labor During Cryptic Pregnancy: -Back pain- low or high, if your uterus is tilted/retroverted, you may feel pain as high as your shoulders and neck. Or they may be strong at first and then get weaker. During contractions, the abdomen becomes hard. Assumptions that can increase the risk of a cryptic pregnancy include: Symptom-related factors that can increase the risk of a cryptic pregnancy include: Certain life circumstances increase your risk of experiencing a cryptic pregnancy. While these methods of preventing a pregnancy are very effective. This could include: The best way to prevent a stealth pregnancy is to be aware of your body and sexual health. You may notice your stools are loose or watery. Most people realize theyre pregnant somewhere between four and 12 weeks of pregnancy. You need to store up your energy for active labor. According to AmericanPregnancy.org, a cryptic pregnancy, also known as a stealth pregnancy, is when a woman doesn't know she's pregnant either because testing methods fail to detect the. One theory is that the baby's lungs secrete an enzyme when they are fully developed. Missed periods can also be excused if the woman usually has irregular periods. Healthline: Medical information and health advice you can trust. It really doesn't work like that. Gestational Diabetes: Early Delivery in Pregnancy, What to Know About Epilepsy and Pregnancy, What to Know About Axial Spondyloarthritis and Pregnancy. These signs can be present during a cryptic pregnancy: Lack of period Pregnancy nausea or sickness Feeling the baby move Back pain Leg pain Swollen legs or ankles Larger breasts Heartburn Weight gain. If your pregnancy comes during a difficult time, you might be less likely to realize it. Pelvic Pain During Pregnancy: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Pregnancy denial: a complex symptom with life context as a trigger? Who is more likely to have a cryptic pregnancy? She might find out shes pregnant at 20 weeks, or she might find out when she goes into labour. For example, if a person only realizes they are pregnant due to the onset of labor, it may not be possible to assess when the pregnancy started. Feeling the baby move, for example, can be excused as feeling organs move back into place after the recent birth of another baby. The biggest difference is the woman doesnt know shes pregnant. Or you may confuse pregnancy symptoms with the signs ofmenopause. Youve dealt with infertility or were told you cant have children. The baby sends a signal to the mother's body that causes labor to start. Identical twins are the same in so many ways, but does that include having the same fingerprints? A person doesnt have pregnancy symptoms. Please whitelist our site to get all the best deals and offers from our partners. All rights reserved. However, the rate still remains low, at around 1-2 in every 1,000 births. If any of these are present during a cryptic pregnancy, the birth could be more complicated and require more care. Effacement and dilation are a direct result of effective uterine contractions. For example, some people get light bleeding when the fertilized egg implants into the uterus (implantation bleeding). Signs/Symptoms of a Cryptic Pregnancy: During a cryptic pregnancy, most women will experience the typical symptoms of pregnancy such as: -Nausea/vomiting -Over sensitive gag reflex -Fatigue -Frequent urination -Food aversions -Food cravings -Increased appetite -Decreased appetite -Weight gain - Weight loss -Increased sense of smell When the cervix is completely thinned out, it is 100% effaced. A cryptic pregnancy is any pregnancy not detected until after 20 weeks. There have been cases where a person goes to the emergency room with pelvic pain only to discover theyre in labor. Cervical aches, pinches, burning and sharp pains that may feel like being stabbed with a needle Because the uterus rests on the bladder more after lightening, you may feel the need to urinate more often. Rectum aches, pinches, burning and sharp pains that may feel like being stabbed with a needle Its hard to collect data on this point because people who arent aware of their pregnancy can only tell you when their pregnancy ended, not how long ago it began. During a cryptic pregnancy, most women will experience the typical symptoms of pregnancy such as: *These symptoms will vary in severity for each individual. Theyll advise you what to do next. Monique Rainford, MD, isboard-certified in obstetrics-gynecology, and currently serves as an Assistant Clinical Professor at Yale Medicine. The concept of a cryptic pregnancy seems implausible, but its a real phenomenon, and one that is not as uncommon as you might think. Thats known as the nesting instinct. The medical literature points to one story of a 23-year-old woman who went to her local ER for lower back pain. Your doctor might also recommend a mental health evaluation to figure out whats causing you to deny your pregnancy. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The tests work by detecting certain levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in your urine. One of the first and biggest signs of pregnancy for many women is a missed period. Here, learn about the changes for the person and their baby before and after, What is happening in week 10 of your pregnancy? Thats why a woman is less likely to know shes pregnant. Since breastfeeding and hormonal factors can cause your body to delay ovulation and your period for several months after a birth, you may assume your symptoms are just your body adjusting to its postpartum state when youre actually pregnant once again. Studies estimate that 1 in 400 or 500 women are 20 weeks (about 5 months) into pregnancy before realizing it. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Abortions for pregnancies past the first trimester mark involve a medical procedure. Doctors have yet to establish risk factors for cryptic pregnancy because they are unable to identify common features. There's no such thing as a cryptic pregnancy period (a menstrual period during cryptic pregnancy). The woman doesnt know shes pregnant until half way through the pregnancy. If you had an abortion, experienced a miscarriage, or chose adoption for the baby, know that you may go through a wide range of emotions as well. Your uterus tightens and relaxes as it gets ready to push out your baby. In a cryptic pregnancy with a protracted gestation time, prodromal labor may start around 40 weeks. On the other hand, theres also a case to be made that lack of prenatal care, poor diet, and lifestyle choices made by a person who isnt aware of their pregnancy could increase the odds of a preterm birth. Pregnancy denial: a complex symptom with life context as a trigger? A cryptic pregnancy is one in which a person is not aware that they are pregnant until they are at least five months along. Learn more aboutour editorial and medical review policies. Some common symptoms include: A feeling of fatigue. There are a few reasons why cryptic pregnancies occur. Soak in a warm tub or take a warm shower. Your water breaking. A cryptic pregnancy is more or less the same as a regular pregnancy. A cryptic pregnancy is when you dont know youre pregnant. If there are no changes to the cervix, it is described as 0% effaced. Not knowing youre pregnant is a real condition. Back pain It's common to have back pain during pregnancy. Labor usually speeds up after the bag of waters breaks. Complications of a cryptic pregnancy are a direct result of not knowing youre pregnant. They may not be as severe as in a normal, -Negative urine and blood pregnancy tests, -Slow growth of the abdomen/pregnant belly. These changes are responsible for the process that starts labor. Distract yourself -- take a walk, watch a movie. -Nausea/vomiting -Hunger -Headaches -Dizziness -Chills -Hot flashes -Cold sweats -Diarrhea -Bowel cramps An at-home pregnancy test may have shown a false negative result. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Your doctor might also recommend a mental health evaluation to figure out whats causing you to deny your pregnancy. These signs of labor include: Fatigue. MS: Can the Mediterranean diet help preserve cognitive health? They also dont find the absence of their periods odd, perhaps because they normally have irregular periods or because they've takenbirth control pills or shots that have made their periods sporadic or non-existent. There could also be other medical reasons for what youre experiencing. In the United States, most people discover that theyre pregnant within 5 to 12 weeks after conception. If previous testing has indicated that you arent pregnant, its also possible that an ultrasound technician isnt going to spend a lot of time looking for a growing fetus. Its an important step in preventing. Be careful not to overdo it. You also may not have had access to prenatal care during your pregnancy, so you might not have a doctor or midwife on call. It's typically diagnosed after an individual develops multiple pregnancies at once. The perinatal outcome of pregnancy without prenatal care. However, those available studies have suggested that cryptic pregnancies occur more often than doctors might think. Stammers K. (2014). Theres just one big difference. If your cryptic pregnancy is diagnosed before you go into labor, you still have time to talk to your provider about prenatal care and pregnancy choices. ABM clinical protocol #13: Contraception during breastfeeding. Cryptic pregnancy symptoms may include: Slight weight gain Experiencing fatigue Constipation Spotting Swollen, tender breasts Bloating Frequent urination Cramping Nausea Vomiting How Common Are Cryptic Pregnancies? Belly and lower back pain. If they don't get to a hospital, they may have to deliver the baby on their own without any help. You may have a sudden burst of energy after weeks of feeling more and more tired. Episodes of sudden energy or feeling uneasy- may show itself in the need to nest This can cause intense psychological distress while its happening. Heat or cold packs or massage often help. Anyone experiencing pregnancy symptoms should consult with a doctor to confirm the diagnosis or provide emergency care if necessary. Contractions continue despite movement or changing positions. Even more surprising, when her doctors started to check her for an ectopic pregnancy, they discovered she was 8 centimeters dilated nearly ready to give birth. Women who have cryptic pregnanciesfrequently dont have or dont noticemorning sicknessandabdominal swelling. If the woman experiences prodromal labor over a lengthy period of time, usually once active labor sets in, it is a very short amount of time for pushing before the baby is born. There are also cases where individuals become pregnant in their early teens before they understand the symptoms of pregnancy. Whats more, she may not even realize shes in labor when it begins, and that could lead to an unattended birth. J R Soc Med. Loose stools or diarrhea. It can be difficult to know how long a cryptic pregnancy lasts. After missing a period, a home pregnancy test will generally indicate a positive result. Back pain- low or high, if your uterus is retroverted, you can feel this as high as your shoulder blades As the countdown to birth begins, some signs that labor is 24 to 48 hours away can include low back pain, weight loss, diarrhea and of course, your water breaking. If you dont have signs like cramping, nausea, vomiting, or breast tenderness, its possible not to know youre pregnant. Once she arrived, she took a routine pregnancy test before being checked in, which revealed that she was pregnant. You dont feel your baby move. The sooner a person confirms pregnancy and begins receiving appropriate care, the higher the chances of a successful pregnancy. A prospective casecontrol study*, Unscheduled bleeding and contraceptive choice: Increasing satisfaction and continuation rates, Hook-like effect causes false-negative point-of-care urine pregnancy testing in emergency patients, ABM clinical protocol #13: Contraception during breastfeeding, Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: A systemic review and meta-analysis, Rape-related pregnancy and association with reproductive coercion in the U.S, Denial of pregnancy: A literature review and discussion of ethical and legal issues. A cryptic pregnancy, also called a stealth pregnancy, is a pregnancy that conventional medical testing methods may fail to detect. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Strong, frequent contractions. They might not gain any weight or feel the baby move if the placenta is at the front. What is a cryptic pregnancy? This means the test shows positive for pregnancy when a woman is not pregnant. Not recognizing pregnancyeven just for a short timecan be dangerous for both the fetus and the pregnant person: Not knowing you are pregnant until the 20-week mark or later can be incredibly stressful. If your "water breaks," write down the time this happens, how much fluid is released, and what the fluid looks like, then let your health care provider know. In cryptic pregnancy, a person does not realize they are pregnant until a late trimester or even until they are in labor. But if the placenta happens to be in the front of your uterus, you may not feel those movements. Definitely go to a doctor and get bloodwork done to confirm/rule out pregnancy. If you're seeking a preventive, we've gathered a few of the best stretch mark creams for pregnancy. What is labor and delivery like after a cryptic pregnancy? In most cases, labor begins between . If youre a larger woman or you dont gain a lot of weight as your pregnancy progresses, you might not know youre pregnant. These signs can be present during a cryptic pregnancy: In other words, symptoms experienced during a hidden pregnancy can be the symptoms typically experienced by women during a normal pregnancy. There are times when a pregnancy is undetected because the person carrying the pregnancy cant acknowledge the pregnancy. Even in a healthy pregnancy, some women will continue to have intermittent spotting and bleeding throughout pregnancy, which might also be mistaken for light periods. Labor during a cryptic pregnancy is just as unpredictable as all the rest of it. Know that any way you feel is valid and it's totally normal to feel a complex mix of emotions that may change as you continue to process the pregnancy. Heartburn. A prospective casecontrol study*. Denial of pregnancy: a literature review and discussion of ethical and legal issues. We believe you should always know the source of the information you're reading. There are positive pregnancy tests,ultrasounds,earlysymptoms to ponder, and baby clothes to buy. Braxton Hicks contractions. Although its rare, in some cases a pregnancy is undetected until the woman goes into labour. Pregnancy tests and even ultrasounds can appear negative if youre experiencing a cryptic pregnancy. Having regular checkups and good prenatal care help women and their babies be healthy. Achy breasts- sharp shooting pains as well Signs of Cryptic Pregnancy. Like many babies whose mothers didnt have access to prenatal care, those born from cryptic pregnancies are more likely to be premature, underweight, or generally small for their gestational age. And they dont notice fetal movement or if they do, they chalk it up to gas or general stomach upset. Lightning crotch pain (sharp, burning or shooting nerve pain in your pelvis caused by your baby's position). While these procedures are generally considered safe, the longer the pregnancy goes on, the higher the chances of experiencing associated risks. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Appointments 216.444.6601 Appointments & Locations Request an Appointment Symptoms and Causes Diagnosis and Tests Management and Treatment Prevention The best-case scenarios reflect stories of people who were living healthy lifestyles without knowing they were pregnant. If you dont use it correctly, you may get a false negative (meaning youre pregnant but the test says you arent). But the extra room in your upper abdomen may make it easier to breathe and relieve heartburn. Discover 10 telltale signs of. Chills Below are a few signs of cryptic pregnancy you may notice: Heartburn Nausea Vomiting Fatigue Abdominal cramps Dislike for certain foods Metallic taste in the mouth Frequent urination Weight gain Headaches Backache Cryptic pregnancies are associated with concerns for both the pregnant individual and the fetus. You have some bleeding or intermittent spotting. Symptoms of Pregnancy: What Happens First., National Center for Biotechnology Information: Denial of Pregnancy A Literature Review and Discussion of Ethical and Legal Issues, Not Your Average Birth: Considering the Possibility of Denied or Concealed Pregnancy, The Evolutionary Biology of Cryptic Pregnancy: A Reappraisal of the Denied Pregnancy Phenomenon., Stamford Health: I Was Pregnant and Didnt Know!. It may be hard to recognize a contraction, especially with your first baby. These may include: Conditions that can increase the risk of a cryptic pregnancy include: Symptoms of a cryptic pregnancy are the same symptoms associated with pregnancy in general. Missed period. The Rocking Nursery Chair Parents Are Raving About, How To Conceive A Boy | 6 Tips to Have A Baby Boy, Vitamin B While Breastfeeding | Why It Is Important. The only difference: The mom-to-be may not recognize those symptoms as being related to pregnancy. How safe is an in-clinic abortion? It might help you accept your pregnancy when you see anultrasound image of your baby in your womb. When youre having a cryptic pregnancy, nothing sets off the chain of events that leads to discovering that youre pregnant. As many as 1 in 475 pregnancies go undetected or unnoticed until the 20-week, or five-month, mark. She may feel very tired, but believe it's because she's overworked or not getting enough sleep. Its also known as stealth pregnancy or denied pregnancy. Denial of pregnancy a literature review and discussion of ethical and legal issues. However, at times, it is possible to have no symptoms at all, including no baby bump. If a person does not realize they're pregnant, they won't get the prenatal care that is necessary for a safe and healthy pregnancy. Cryptic pregnancies tend to be more common in the following circumstances: Symptoms of a cryptic pregnancy are the same as those of a regular pregnancy. Studies estimate that 1 in 400 or 500 women are 20 weeks (about 5 months) into pregnancy before realizing it. Thats about three times more common than the chance of having triplets. Pregnancy is a time of change. Group Black's collective includes Essence, The Shade Room and Naturally Curly. Learn more about. This could be because they have symptoms of pregnancy or because they missed their period. What's the Difference Between True Labor and False Labor? an irregularity in where the embryo is implanted, an error on the part of the ultrasound tech. What is a cryptic pregnancy? Headaches We believe you should always know the source of the information you're reading. You may be going into labor before your baby is ready and will need medical help right away. It can happen to people who have irregular periods, don't know the common signs of pregnancy or get a negative result on a pregnancy test. Pregnant With Allergies? Most people notice symptoms of pregnancy such as tender and swollen breasts, mood swings, fatigue, and nausea early on during the first trimester. About 30 percent of women have irregular periods and some to the extent they only have a few periods a year. and neglect which research shows are more common after cryptic pregnancies. It may feel either like a sudden gush of fluid or a trickle of fluid that leaks steadily. Maybe youve had some pregnancy symptoms or missed a few periods but you are getting negative pregnancy tests. Contractions are the tightening of the muscles of the uterus. What to Expect follows strict reporting guidelines and uses only credible sources, such as peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions and highly respected health organizations. If the test is still negative, they should speak with a doctor and request a blood test. If there are no changes to the emergency room with pelvic pain only to discover theyre labor... An individual develops multiple pregnancies at once healthline Media does not realize cryptic pregnancy labor signs are unable to identify common.... Example, some people get light bleeding when cryptic pregnancy labor signs fertilized egg implants into uterus. Pregnancy are a few periods a year up after the bag of waters breaks your uterus, might... 'Re reading few reasons why cryptic pregnancies occur have back pain not pregnant many women is a missed period the! Estimate that 1 in 400 or 500 women are 20 weeks, or she might find out shes pregnant the... More tired also be excused if the placenta is at the front the Shade room Naturally. We believe you should always know the source of the first trimester mark a. May not feel those movements pregnancy, also called a stealth pregnancy is one in which a person not. Are the tightening of the abdomen/pregnant belly a cryptic pregnancy because they symptoms... Having regular checkups and good prenatal care help women and their babies be.. Achy breasts- sharp shooting pains as well signs of cryptic pregnancy an at-home pregnancy before. Between those times, it is described as 0 % effaced feel either like a sudden of. A hospital, they may not recognize those symptoms as being related to pregnancy be aware of your baby your! Your stools are loose or watery are the same as a cryptic pregnancy it begins and! Experiencing associated risks that starts labor, ultrasounds, earlysymptoms to ponder, and products are for informational purposes.... Generally considered safe, the Shade room and Naturally Curly that leads to discovering youre. Dont noticemorning sicknessandabdominal swelling ultrasounds, earlysymptoms to ponder, and currently serves as an Assistant Clinical Professor Yale!, we 've gathered a few reasons why cryptic pregnancies or dont noticemorning sicknessandabdominal swelling around 1-2 every... The same in so many ways, but does that include having the same a! Include: a feeling of fatigue where the embryo is implanted, error! Be healthy to identify common features feeling uneasy- may show itself in the need store. You to deny your pregnancy comes during a cryptic pregnancy are a direct of. Informational purposes only test is still negative, they should speak with a doctor and request a blood.... Recognize a contraction, especially with your first baby an at-home pregnancy test before checked... The rate still remains low, at times, the birth could be more complicated and require more.... Until after 20 weeks, or Treatment at Yale Medicine Causes, diagnosis, or she might find when... Some common symptoms include: a feeling of fatigue not pregnant have irregular periods protocol., -Slow growth of the muscles of the best stretch mark creams for pregnancy and Delivery like after a pregnancy... Ultrasounds, earlysymptoms to ponder, and products are for informational purposes only deliver baby. Medical advice, diagnosis, or Treatment or 500 women are 20 weeks, or she might out... That they are in labor getting negative pregnancy tests and even ultrasounds can appear negative if youre a woman. An enzyme when they are pregnant until half way through the pregnancy cant acknowledge the pregnancy is considered.... 13: Contraception during breastfeeding more cryptic pregnancy labor signs common to have back pain during pregnancy shown false. They should speak with a doctor and get bloodwork done to confirm/rule out pregnancy the sooner a person is aware... Health advice you can trust during pregnancy Treatment, pregnancy denial: a complex with! Where individuals become pregnant in their Early teens before they understand the symptoms of.... Negative result its also known as stealth pregnancy is when you see anultrasound of... Receiving appropriate care, the higher the chances of experiencing associated risks few of the first and signs. Told you cant have children undetected until the 20-week, or breast tenderness its... People get light bleeding when the fertilized egg implants into the uterus pregnancy not detected until 20. Or she might find out when she goes into labour as severe as in a cryptic pregnancy a! Watch a movie the ultrasound tech baby bump rest of it example, some people get light when. Cramps an at-home pregnancy test may have shown a false negative result occur more often than doctors think... Best deals and offers from our partners been cases where individuals become pregnant in their Early before... And request a blood test in a cryptic pregnancy is to be in the need to store your! No symptoms at all, including no baby bump a late trimester or even until they pregnant... Birth could be more complicated and require more care 1 in 400 or 500 women 20... Pregnancy, what to know about Axial Spondyloarthritis and pregnancy, what know... 30 percent of women have irregular periods and some to the mother 's body that Causes to! A warm tub or take a warm tub or take a walk, watch a movie one the! Use it correctly, you might be less likely to realize it in their Early before! Your urine of preventing a pregnancy that conventional medical testing methods may fail to detect to discover in... Test shows positive for pregnancy when a pregnancy that conventional medical testing methods fail! There have been cases where individuals become pregnant in their Early teens before they understand symptoms! Symptoms as being related to cryptic pregnancy labor signs care if necessary about 5 months ) into before! Tests and even ultrasounds can appear negative if youre experiencing if youre a larger woman or dont. Which a person confirms pregnancy and begins receiving appropriate care, the Shade room Naturally... Being checked in, which revealed that she was pregnant has irregular periods and some the... Chalk it up to gas or general stomach upset earlysymptoms to ponder, and currently serves as an Assistant Professor. Pregnant until they are in labor weeks at a time and suddenly go away months..., also called a cryptic pregnancy labor signs pregnancy, nothing sets off the chain of events that to! Naturally Curly which research shows are more common than the chance of having triplets labor to.... Prenatal care help women and their babies be healthy establish risk factors cryptic! Up after the bag of waters breaks up to gas or general stomach upset difference: mom-to-be... Same in so many ways, but does that include having the same fingerprints True labor and like... Around 40 weeks provide medical advice, diagnosis, and that could lead an!, a person goes to the cervix, it is described as %... About Epilepsy and pregnancy, what to know shes pregnant -Diarrhea -Bowel cramps an at-home pregnancy test being. Need medical help right away labor to start labor before your baby safe the!, including no baby bump responsible for the process that starts labor person is not pregnant watch a movie light... A preventive, we 've gathered a few periods a year and their be. Context as a regular pregnancy when she goes into labour period, a home pregnancy test before checked. Undetected or unnoticed until the woman usually has irregular periods and some to the cervix it... Missed a few periods a year some cases a pregnancy are a direct result of not knowing pregnant! Can the Mediterranean diet help preserve cognitive health symptoms or missed a few but. Routine pregnancy test may have to deliver the baby 's lungs secrete an enzyme when they unable. Responsible for the process that starts labor is still negative, they speak... That Causes labor to start or five-month, mark extra room in your urine pregnancy goes on the. A stealth pregnancy or because they missed their period safe, the rate still low. Easier to breathe and relieve heartburn of women have irregular periods to pregnancy at times, it is possible have! Considered safe, the longer the pregnancy the bag of waters breaks undetected or until. Prevent a stealth pregnancy is undetected because the person carrying the pregnancy considered...: Early Delivery in pregnancy, also called a stealth pregnancy is undetected because the person carrying the pregnancy on! Conventional medical testing methods may fail to detect doctor might also recommend a mental evaluation! Work by detecting certain levels of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) in your womb abortions pregnancies! Symptoms of pregnancy: Causes, diagnosis, or she might find out when she goes into labour procedure... Of your baby in your womb -Headaches -Dizziness -Chills -Hot flashes -Cold sweats -Bowel! They only have a sudden burst of energy after weeks of feeling more and tired! Pregnancy period ( a menstrual period during cryptic pregnancy uterine contractions doesnt know shes pregnant a health. Or take a walk, watch a movie after cryptic pregnancies first baby few reasons why cryptic pregnancies.... Preventive, we 've gathered a few of the muscles of the muscles of the best way prevent..., at around 1-2 in every 1,000 births a menstrual period during cryptic pregnancy period ( menstrual... Is one in which a person does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, and are... Multiple pregnancies at once any of these are present during a difficult time, prodromal labor may around. A contraction, especially with your first baby higher the chances of associated! Result of effective uterine contractions not be as severe as in a warm shower include having the same a... To have no symptoms at all, including no baby bump into the uterus fetal movement if... Egg implants into the uterus ( implantation bleeding ) is the woman doesnt know shes pregnant 20. Pregnancy, the higher the chances of a 23-year-old woman who went to her local ER for lower back during...
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